One of the largest cities to make the cut, Vienesse citizens can take advantage of one of the world's most beautiful cities. In psychology, there is a large and growing stream of literature looking at how our environment affects our brain structure and function, suggesting that more ‘enriched’ environments that are more complex and provide more stimulation facilitate brain plasticity (see Kuehn et al. Helsinki, Finland 2. On average, there has been a decrease in mean city happiness over the past decade. HANGZHOU, Nov. 20 (Xinhua) -- Ten provincial capitals and major cities, and another 10 cities at the prefectural level have been listed as the happiest cities in China for 2020, according to a forum held in the eastern Chinese city of Hangzhou on Wednesday. The standard deviation is a measure of how dispersed a set of numbers is and can hence serve as a simple measure of inequality in this case. Irish people are among the happiest in the world, according to a new global report. "We pay a lot of taxes — the basic rate is 39% — but it means public infrastructure and living standards are pretty high for everyone. The residents of … The annual United Nations World Happiness Report released … aarhus, bergen, brisbane, copenhagen, happiest cities in the world, helsinki, oslo, stockholm, tel aviv, wellington, zurich. Without further ado, here are the top 15 happiest places to live in the world, in no particular order. These are places that have seen economically difficult times recently. (2018), Krekel et al. Kuehn, S., Duezel, S., Eibich, P., Krekel, C., Wüstemann, H., Kolbe, J., Martensson, J., Goebel, J., Gallinat, J., Wagner, G. G., and Lindenberger, U. United Nations (2019), Cities – United Nations Sustainable Development Action 2015, Online: http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/cities/, last accessed 12/12/2019. Here, we cannot statistically distinguish it from the 45-degree line (F-test = 3.59). Studying these differences about what matters most for city residents' quality of life is—besides a continuous monitoring and benchmarking of cities' happiness around the world—an important next step. Bikes count for 50% of the travel round Denmark – reducing carbon emissions. Finland came in first in the World Happiness Report from Gallup for the third year running. They are thus less prone to social narratives, comparisons, or issues of adaptation and anticipation. In fact, while the general correlation coefficient between country-city pairs stands at 0.96, the correlation coefficient is slightly lower at 0.90 for the low-income group. Contrary to life evaluation, they also take into account the duration of experiences, arguably an important dimension when it comes to people's overall quality of life. (2011) ↩︎, See Graham and Lora (2009) and Rojas (2016) ↩︎, For example, see De Neve and Ward (2017), Clark et al. Sweden has a combination of cool weather, beautiful cities, and magnificent wilderness. [9] Rather than relying on a list of factors that researchers consider relevant, our ranking relies on city residents' self-reports of how they themselves evaluate the quality of their lives. By 2045, this figure is estimated to increase by 1.5 times, to more than six billion. This year, it ranks cities around the world, instead of countries, by their subjective well-being. Of course, this does not mean that there are large differences on a case-by-case basis: in fact, for some cities and countries, happiness inequality is much larger at the country-level, whereas for others, it is much larger at the city-level. The Economist Intelligence Unit (2019), The Global Liveability Index, Online: http://www.eiu.com/topic/liveability?zid=liveability2019&utm_source=economist-daily-chart&utm_medium=link&utm_name=liveability2019, last accessed 12/12/2019. On a global scale, has happiness in cities increased or decreased? While some cities have experienced large increases in their citizens' happiness over the past decade, others have experienced tremendous reductions, often by more than an entire point on the zero-to-ten life evaluation scale. For the first time, The World Happiness Report 2020 ranks the happiest cities around the world base on their subjective well being, social life, urban and natural environment The report shows the top ten cities are dominated by Scandinavian countries and only two United States cities made it into the top 10. I visited Finland and spoke with the people there to see what it's like to live in the world's happiest country. However, this is somewhat less the case for countries at lower levels. In our ranking of cities' happiness around the world, we first look at current life evaluation – an evaluative measure of subjective well-being and our main outcome – and then contrast our findings with those on expected future life evaluation of cities' inhabitants. Stockholm (Sweden) comes out ninth. People living in the capital of Iceland, … As half of the world's population is living in cities today, and since this number is expected to rise to two third by the middle of the century, studying how city dwellers fare on balance when it comes to their quality of life is an important undertaking. Whereas life evaluation is a cognitive-evaluative measure of subjective well-being that asks respondents to evaluate their lives relative to an ideal life, positive and negative affect are experiential measures that ask respondents to report on their emotional experiences on the previous day. It's such an elusive concept as it can mean different things for different people, so I accept that this list might bring up some contestations. One might criticise our ranking for relying only on subjective indicators. People in Finland enjoy universal healthcare and a successful school system, both of which contribute to a higher standard of living for all.. They are more likely to be in professional and service jobs, and less likely to have kids. The United Nations uses three definitions for what constitutes a city, as not all cities in all jurisdictions are classified using the same criteria. The strongest reduction is found in Maseru, the capital of Lesotho, which has seen current life evaluation decrease by more than two points. Another interesting question is whether or not our global ranking of cities is determined by something different than the mean happiness of the counties in which they are located. A new report reveals why people in Stockholm have soaring satisfaction ratings while residents of Seoul are left in the lurch. Healthy life expectancies and generosity are elements that keep the residents of Ireland happy. Krekel, C., and Kolbe, J. Helsinki-Finland . For the third year in a row, Finland has been named the world’s happiest country. https://delusionalbubble.com/2020/10/05/the-10-happiest-cities-in-the-world The use of the Gallup World Poll and the Gallup US Poll is generously granted by Gallup, Inc. We received very helpful comments and suggestions from Lara Aknin, John Helliwell, and Richard Layard. Our ranking of cities' happiness does not yield fundamentally different results than existing rankings: Scandinavian cities and cities in Australia and New Zealand score high when it comes to the subjective well-being of their residents; cities in countries with histories of political instability, (civil) war, armed conflict, and recent incidences of terrorism score low. [25] Figures 3.4 and 3.5 illustrate these different slopes at different levels of economic development: for low-income city-country pairs we can confidently reject the hypothesis that the line of best fit shown in Figure 3.4 is the same as the 45-degree line (F-test = 35.72). (2013), Ambrey et al. The Gallup World Poll was initiated in 2005, which is the earliest possible measurement we can use for our purposes. The happiest cities in the world. there are only 87 observations for Los Angeles). written by Adewale Dosunmu March 26, 2020. Explore. This year, it ranks cities around the world, instead of countries, by their subjective well-being. ► Return to the happiest country ranking here► Read the full World Happiness Report here, More rankings and articles can be found in our remote work area:► Most dangerous countries in the world► Countries with the best healthcare in the world► World’s worst countries to drive in► Most peaceful countries in the world► Best countries for women► Poorest countries in the world – ranked► World’s most powerful passport► Countries with the fastest internet in the world► Most stressed countries in the world► Most expensive cities for expats► World’s most democratic countries, Countries with the best healthcare in the world, Countries with the fastest internet in the world, Hiking in Latvia: where to find the best trails, The 77 most inspirational travel quotes ever penned, Most dangerous countries in the world 2021 – ranked, Best hiking trails in every US state (according to hikers), Best hikes in South Korea: 8 stunning trails, Sarajevo – Bosnia and Herzegovina (5.795), Santo Domingo – Dominican Republic (5.435). Well, the Richmond-Petersburg metropolitan area in Virginia ranked as the happiest in the country with over 1 million residents, and many of the most joyful cities appear to … Travel Destinations. 16th annual meeting of the International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies. I visited Finland and spoke with the people there to see what it's like to live in the world's happiest country. In line with the methodology of the World Happiness Reports, our main outcome is current life evaluation, obtained from the so-called Cantril ladder, which is an item asking respondents to imagine themselves on a ladder with steps numbered from zero at the bottom to ten at the top, where zero represents the worst possible and ten the best possible life. Lifehack goes on to provide us with four more of the happiest cities in the world as revealed in the World Happiness Report. I visited Finland and spoke with the people there to see what it's like to live in the world's happiest country. Gender equality is key – with top leaders being both men and women. (2017). (2014), and Loschiavo (2019). Resolving the urban paradox: subjective well-being, education and the big city. [5] Cities account for about two-thirds of the world's energy consumption and for more than 70 per cent of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. Krekel, C., Ward, G., and De Neve, J.-E. (2018) "Work and Well-being: A Global Perspective," in: Sachs, J. HANGZHOU, Nov. 20 (Xinhua) -- Ten provincial capitals and major cities, and another 10 cities at the prefectural level have been listed as the happiest cities in China for 2020, according to a forum held in the eastern Chinese city of Hangzhou on Wednesday. Yet, there are significant differences to other rankings relying on pre-defined dimensions of quality of life. The same is not the case for the line of best fit in Figure 3.5, which relates to high-income city-country pairs. Rojas, M. (2016) “Handbook of Happiness Research in Latin America”, Berlin: Springer. [15] It included at least 500 observations per day and, importantly, asked respondents a similar set of questions as does the Gallup World Poll. Loschiavo, D., (2019) "Big-city life (dis)satisfaction? Urban sprawl and inefficient land use contribute to biodiversity loss. It’s hard not to love living in Denmark when you get free healthcare, 52 weeks of parental … [6] Rapid urbanisation also puts pressure on public open spaces such as parks and urban green areas, which provide space for social interaction and important ecosystem services.[7][8]. ↩︎, Note that the 'happiness' survey item is no longer available after 2012 so that the index is comprised of 'enjoyment' and 'smile or laugh' from 2012 onwards. ↩︎, See Dolan (2014) and Dolan and Kudrna (2016). Any views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization, agency or program of the United Nations. While urban ‘richness’ may promote brain development, several studies suggest that liv-ing in denser urban environments is associated with lower mental health and certain mental health conditions (Tost et al., 2015; van Os et al., 2010). Arguably, this makes it also a more democratic way of measuring their quality of lives. Two of the top ten cities are located in Australia and New Zealand: Wellington, the capital of New Zealand, is ranked third and Brisbane (Australia) is ranked tenth. (2020, forthcoming) "New Ways of Valuing Ecosystem Services: Big Data, Machine Learning, and the Value of Urban Green Spaces," in: Ruth, M. (ed), Research Agenda for Environmental Economics, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Luxembourg. according to a survey from Time Out and Tapestry Research. This is an important area for future research, with important policy implications for urbanisation and rural exodus. http://data.worldbank.org/topic/urban-development, http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview, http://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups, http://www.eiu.com/topic/liveability?zid=liveability2019&utm_source=economist-daily-chart&utm_medium=link&utm_name=liveability2019, http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/cities/. Our definition of what constitutes a city (for the US) is based on the notion of functional urban areas: territorial and functional units with a population of a particular size in which people live, work, access amenities, and interact socially. Those city dwellers are on average happier than those living in rural areas, especially in less happy countries. 19. Clark, A. E., Flèche, Layard, S. R., Powdthavee, N., and Ward G. (2018) “The Origins of Happiness: The Science of Well-being Over the Life Course”, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. [19] For negative affect, we include whether respondents often experienced feeling sadness, worry, and anger (apart from the US where we do not have data on anger for 2014 onwards). White, M. P., Alcock, I., Wheeler, B. W., and Depledge, M. H. (2013) "Would You Be Happier Living in a Greener Urban Area? Durham wasn't too far behind at … Lincoln did rank ... 2. We are not relying on a limited number of objective dimensions of quality of life, often defined ex-ante according to what researchers (or policy-makers) consider important. Some cities have experienced significant positive changes in their citizens' happiness over the past decade: changes above 0.5 points in life evaluation, which is measured on a zero-to-ten scale, can be considered very large changes; a change of 0.5 points is approximately the change when finding gainful employment after a period of unemployment. That view has propelled Rio to the top of our list of the world's happiest cities. (2019) World Happiness Report, New York: UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network. Somewhat surprising is the large number of Turkish city dwellers reporting low positive affect, including people living in Ankara, Istanbul, and Izmir. Polling people all over the nation, the research revealed that residents in Bristol are the happiest in the UK, while those in other cities maybe in need of a pick-me-up. A related question asks not so much whether cities are, on average, happier places than their surrounding countries, but rather whether happiness inequality is different within cities as compared to countries. This country boasts a 100% literacy rate with excellent access to education for all of its citizens. 2020 World Happiness Report: Top 20 Happiest Cities in the World. As Figure 3.6 shows, the scatterplot is almost evenly spread around the 45-degree line, suggesting that there are no systematic differences in happiness inequality between cities and their countries. In 2018, there were 548, and in 2030, a projected 706 cities will have at least one million inhabitants. We also compare our findings with those on positive and negative affect on a day-to-day basis, which are experiential measures, in the follow-up discussion section. Out of the 12 US cities that are included in the 2014-2018 World Poll, seven are also in the top ten list of cities that we obtain from the US Poll. In a new ranking of the "happiest cities in America," Men's Health magazine named Raleigh as the third happiest city in the nation. Ranked as the ninth happiest country in the world, Sweden is the lowest-ranked Nordic country by the World Happiness Report. Happiness is a fleeting commodity in reality, it comes and goes, but the perception of happiness is the real bottom-line driver for cities and their branding. Clark, A. E., Doyle, O., and Stancanelli, E. (forthcoming) "The Impact of Terrorism on Well-being: Evidence from the Boston Marathon Bombing," Economic Journal. Thus, when contrasting the positive agglomeration and productivity benefits of urbanisation and urban amenities with its disadvantages due to disamenities such as congestion or pollution, it seems that, on balance, city dwellers fare slightly better than the remainder of the population, at least when it comes to current life evaluation as our measure of comparison. Ambrey, C. L., Fleming, C. M. and Chan, A. Y.-C. (2014a) "Estimating the cost of air pollution in South East Queensland: An application of the life satisfaction non-market valuation approach," Ecological Economics, 97, 172-181. Bertram, C., and Rehdanz, K. (2015) "The role of urban green space for human well-being," Ecological Economics, 120, 139-152. Helsinki is Finland's capital. Furthermore, it seeks … Other cities in or at the fringes of the European Union that have made substantial progress (of 0.5 or more points on the zero-to-ten life evaluation scale) are Riga (Latvia), ranked 13, Belgrade (Serbia), ranked 17, Bucharest (Romania), ranked 22, and Budapest (Hungary), ranked 23. The winning locations end up being quite obvious candidates; entertainment and cultural heavyweights, beautiful … Lincoln, NE. Buenos Aires .. People living in these cities are not optimistic about their future. The happiest cities in the world. Helliwell, J., Layard, R., and Sachs, J. The only top ten cities that are not located in either Scandinavia or Australia and New Zealand are Zurich (Switzerland) and Tel Aviv (Israel). Denmark support parents – families receive 52 weeks of parental leave. (2015) "Environmental influence in the brain, human welfare and mental health," Nature: Neuroscience, 18, 1421-1431. Tradeoffs between happiness and the other dimensions of life in a large population survey," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 139, 60-73. 1. Known for balmy weather, friendly locals and an … [17] While life evaluation is our primary measure of subjective well-being, we also take into account well-being measures of how people experience their lives on a day-to-day basis. Read on for the top 20 happiest countries in the world, as well as the 10 unhappiest places, the 10 happiest cities and the 10 unhappiest cities. As the main tourist resort and attraction of Brazil, it’s no wonder it is seen as a happy place to... 2. However, this decrease is driven by very strong reductions in city happiness at the very bottom of our global ranking. Durham wasn't too far behind at … However, with a score of 7.314, it swapped places with Australia, climbing one place. Out of these seven cities, the scores for six of the cities in the US Poll fall within the statistical confidence intervals of the World Poll scores (Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Miami, New York City, and Philadelphia). ↩︎, See, for example, White et al. This global difference amounts to, on average, 0.2 points on the zero-to-ten life evaluation scale. Once again, Scandinavia dominated … (2017) "Happiness in the air: How does a dirty sky affect mental health and subjective well-being," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 85, 81-94, 2017. Madison, WI. The world's happiest countries revealed: Finland keeps the top spot, Afghanistan is ranked the bleakest and the UK and U.S both climb the table. Luxembourg . Figure A2 in the Appendix replicates our global ranking of city happiness for positive affect, Figure A3 for negative affect. - A plethora of outdoor activities and a perpetual carnival like atmosphere make it one of the happiest cities in the world. While the top ten feature many new faces, the bottom ten feature rather familiar ones: city dwellers in Kabul (Afghanistan), Gaza (Palestine), and Port-au-Prince (Haiti) – places torn by recent war, continuous armed conflict, and devastating natural catastrophes – are the least optimistic worldwide. Unsurprisingly, Helsinki takes first place. [3] They allow for an efficient division of labour, bringing with them agglomeration and productivity benefits, new ideas and innovations, and hence higher incomes and living standards. The importance of cities for global development has long been recognised in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11, Sustainable Cities and Communities, which includes targets with clear relevance for citizens' life satisfaction, such as strengthening public transport systems to reduce congestion and commuting times,[10] reducing ambient air pollution,[11] and improving access to green and public open spaces[12] for all citizens. As with current life evaluation, New Delhi (India) scores rather low when it comes to the optimistic outlook of its inhabitants (ranked fifth from the bottom). Top 10 Happiest Cities. In fact, employing well-being surveys allows to figure out the relative importance of different domains in shaping well-being, thus providing evidence-based guidance for policymakers on how to optimize the well-being of their populations. Dolan, P., and Kudrna, L. (2016) "Sentimental Hedonism: Pleasure, Purpose, and Public Poli-cy," in: Vittersø, J. (2010) "Happiness and financial satisfaction in Israel: Effects of religiosity, ethnicity, and war," Journal of Economic Psychology, 31(6), 1008-1020. The Kiwi capital was named the third happiest city in the world after Helsinki in Finland and Aarhus in Denmark. During the same time, the number of so-called mega cities – cities that have more than ten million inhabitants, most of which are located in the Global South – is expected to increase from 33 to 43, with the fastest growth in Asia and Africa. Leveraging the US Poll, we added the ten largest American cities. As can be seen in Figure 3.1, the top ten are clearly dominated by Scandinavian cities: Helsinki (Finland) and Aarhus (Denmark) are ranked first and second, Copenhagen (Denmark), Bergen (Norway), and Oslo (Norway) fifth, sixth, and seventh. The happiest city in the world is Melbourne, Australia. Figure 3.1 also shows that the bottom ten cities are less clustered geographically, but more correlated in terms of common themes. (2010), and Metcalfe et al. The finding for optimism of city dwellers in the Latin American and Caribbean region is mirrored by high levels of subjective well-being found in Latin American societies more generally. Following Morrison, we split the sample into high-income and low-income countries in order to get a better sense for the different slopes in the relationship between city residents' happiness and their respective country average happiness. More than half the world’s population (55.3%) – around 4.2 billion people – live in urban areas. For some of these places, these scores may come as a surprise, given the difficult economic situations in the countries in which these cities are located. [23] The top ten cities in our global ranking in terms of change have experienced changes of 0.75 points or more. The survey asked 15,000 people in 32 cities … If a city lies above the 45-degree line, it has a higher level of happiness inequality than its respective country; if it lies below, it has a lower level. ↩︎, By referring to "all citizens", SDG 11 makes an explicit reference to being inclusive, which is an important point as evidence shows that urban amenities and disamenities are of differential importance for citizens with different socio-demographic characteristics (see Eibich et al. "It is extremely ambitious to be one of the five happiest countries by 2021," Wiking said, commenting on the UAE's desire to become one of the happiest nations in the world. Dushanbe (Tajikistan) and Almaty (Kazakhstan) – two former Soviet republics located in Central Asia – are ranked second and fourth, respectively. By 2045, this figure is estimated to increase by 1.5 times, to more than six billion. America's Happiest Cities. (ed), Handbook of Eudaimonic Well-Being, Cham: Springer. De Neve, J.-E., and Ward, G. (2017) "Happiness at Work," in: Helliwell, J., Layard, R. and Sachs, J. Likewise, cities in Egypt (here Alexandria, which is ranked eighth from the bottom) are quite pessimistic places when it comes to the future, and so are cities located in Iran (Tehran, the capital, is ranked ninth and Mashhad is ranked tenth from the bottom). Kilroy, A. F. L., Mukim, M. and Negri, S. (2015) "Competitive cities for jobs and growth: what, who, and how," in: Competitive cities for jobs and growth, Washington, DC: World Bank Group. Is there predictive power from these self-predicted future scores? In 2018, there were 548, and in 2030, a projected 706 cities will have at least one million inhabitants. Our analysis is purely descriptive and cannot make causal claims about the effects of urbanisation itself on happiness. Figure A1 in Appendix replicates Figure 3.1, but reports on expected future rather than current life evaluation. The World Happiness Report was written by a group of independent experts acting in their personal capacities. It contains articles and rankings of national happiness, based on respondent ratings of their own lives, which the report also correlates with various (quality of) life factors. Cities are economic powerhouses: more than 80 per cent of worldwide GDP is generated within their boundaries. Deploying a diverse set of subjective well-being indicators, including evaluative measures such as current and future life evaluation as well as experiential measures such as positive and negative affect, our ranking paints an internally consistent image. These results imply that the average country happiness is a very strong predictor of city happiness at higher levels of well-being and economic development. During the same time, the number of so-called mega cities– cities that have more than ten million inhabitants, most of which are l… In doing so, it emancipates respondents to consider and weigh for themselves which factors – observable or unobservable to researchers – they feel matter most to them. "Well, it's true that people are comfortable," she explains, with annoyingly good second-language clarity. (2014) "The relationship between well-being and commuting revisited: Does the choice of methodology matter?," Regional Science and Urban Economics, 49, 321-329. The only European city in the bottom ten cities of how positively their inhabitants evaluate their future lives is Athens in Greece, which may be explained by the recent economic crisis in the country. Aarhus, Denmark 3. Apr 21, 2020 - In this article we are ranking the top 10 happiest cities in the world. Conducted in 2009, the Anholt-GfK Roper City Brands Index, claims that San Francisco is the only U.S. city to crack the list of the 10 happiest cities in the world. For the first time in its history, the World Happiness Report has ranked 186 individual cities as well as the world’s happiest countries. A lack of public transport infrastructure results in congestion and often hazardous pollution levels in inner cities. Generally, we find that the average happiness of city residents is more often than not higher than the average happiness of the general country population, especially at the lower end of the well-being and national income scales. Appendix replicates our global ranking of cities according to a higher standard of living for all them., krekel et al the travel wish list of cities ’ happiness does not produce radically results... Happiness ranking drivers of happiness and often hazardous pollution levels in inner cities perceives as! 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Alongside the happiest in the world is based on United Nations ( 2019 ) world happiness is! Same Development level Paper, 1221 Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network ( 2009 ) and! Is found in the world Poll was initiated in 2005, which relates to high-income city-country pairs on life scores! Than half the world Bank ( 2019b ), and in 2030, a Online! Country populations suggests H. ( 2016 ) P. and Kavetsos, G. 2017... Happiness ranking than the existing country happiness ranking year in a row Finland! Action 2015, Online: http: //www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/cities/, last accessed 12/12/2019 provided. Irish people are among the top ten cities in the US is D.C.!, Bertram and Rehdanz ( 2015 ), urban Development Overview, Online: http //www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/cities/... Than anywhere else than anywhere else: subjective well-being, education and the capital Venezuela., '' Psychological Science, 24 ( 6 ), Bertram and (... - Various beaches and cultural heavyweights, beautiful … the happiest cities in world!
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