"Changing patterns of concentration in American meat packing, 1880–1963. Memphis State Recreation Area is a fine place for fishing and boating, but it’s also an unusual legacy of Nebraska’s meatpacking industry. In the early part of the 19th century, they used the most recent immigrants and migrants as strikebreakers in labor actions taken by other workers, also usually immigrants or early descendants. While the work was still difficult, for a few decades workers achieved blue-collar, middle-class lives from it. The Jungle also played a key role in bringing about the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906). You may also like: Quiz: Do you know these 50 famous companies by their logos? Just over 500,000 people work in the meatpacking industry in the United States. Chicago built the famous Union Stockyards in 1865 on 345 swampy acres to the south of downtown. The meatpacking industry in Chicago is no different from all the other factories across America. Government surveillance and regulation kept pace with the growth of the meatpacking industry. The history of the meatpacking industry closely traces the history of corporate power and consolidation in the US. Small- and medium-sized family farms tasked with feeding a few thousand colonists transformed over the centuries into a juggernaut of billion-dollar corporations that wring profits out of factory farms that farmers a few generations ago wouldn’t even recognize as being farms at all. In 2017, the meat and poultry industry processed: 9 billion chickens 32.2 million cattle and calves 241.7 million turkeys 2.2 million sheep and lambs Meat Inspection Act of 1906, U.S. legislation, signed by Pres. [34], Slaughterhouses in the United States commonly illegally employ and exploit underage workers and illegal immigrants. Even before Chicago annexed the Union Stock Yard and packinghouse district (Packingtown), city government tried to control smoke, odors, and waste disposal. In the late 2000s, the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agency raided several Midwest packing plants, found and deported illegal immigrant laborers. Regulation of the meatpacking industry began in 1906 after President Theodore Roosevelt read a book about the plight of the working class and the corruption of the meatpacking industry by journalist Upton Sinclair. [15] In a 2018 study in the Italian Journal of Food Safety, slaughterhouse workers are instructed to wear ear protectors to protect their hearing from the constant screams of animals being killed. In 2019 it employed nearly 200,000 people in direct meat processing jobs at … I can't care. It made sense, as Midwestern cities were located strategically between the vast grasslands of the West—where huge herds of cattle were raised—and the hungry cities in the East that generated an unquenchable demand for meat. The meat-packing industry developed in Texas simultaneously with the cattle industry. This greater part of the entire meat industry is primarily focused on producing meat for human consumption, but it also yields a variety of by-products including hides, feathers, dried blood, and, through the process of rendering, fat such as tallow and protein meals such as meat & bone meal. The era of the cattle barons emerged as massive ranches sprung up in the West, where enormous herds could be grazed on endless open prairies before being ushered to market by cowboys on epic cross-country cattle drives. There were 85,000 pigs being processed there annually by 1833; by 1850, Cincinnati earned the nickname “Porkopolis.”, You may also like: The best school district in every state. Consumer activist go after Red Meat Industry.... 1980 - 1989 Also, more emphasis on food safety and sanitation, four beef packers slaughtered about 80% of cattle, … CONDITIONS IN MEATPACKING PLANTS (1906, by Upton Sinclair)The explosive growth of American industry in the late nineteenth century caused a similar expansion in the work force. Historically, besides Cincinnati, Chicago and Omaha, the other major meat packing cities had been South St. Paul, Minnesota; East St. Louis, Illinois; Dubuque, Iowa; Kansas City, Missouri; Austin, Minnesota; Sioux Falls, South Dakota; and Sioux City, Iowa. [37] In a report by Oxfam America, slaughterhouse workers were observed not being allowed breaks, were often required to wear diapers, and were paid below minimum wage. This made it possible to ship cattle and hog carcasses, which weighed only 40% as much as live animals; the entire national market, served by the railroads, was opened up, as well as transatlantic markets using refrigerated ships. Meat packing plants, like many industries in the early 20th century, were known to overwork their employees, failed to maintain adequate safety measures, and actively fought unionization. In fact, they turned the business of converting animals into food into a multi-billion-dollar industry. [3], The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the first of a series of legislation that led to the establishment of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Swift developed a large business, which grew in size with the entry of several competitors. Human beings are no exception. in, Woods, Rebecca JH. "The Refrigerator Car and the Growth of the American Dressed Beef Industry,", Walsh, Margaret. Swift developed an integrated network of cattle procurement, slaughtering, meat-packing and shipping meat to market. It’s as old as the country itself—older, even—and its history is baked into the history of America. He stamped his barrels with the initials “U.S.” for “United States,” but playing on Wilson’s first name, soldiers joked that the provisions came from “Uncle Sam.” The name stuck and has forever since been synonymous with the federal government. Read More [2], A practical refrigerated (ice cooled) rail car was introduced in 1881. Get Stacker's best stories delivered right to your inbox. "A Green International? The act divvied up the boundless grazing lands of the wealthy, powerful, and often violent cattle barons who saw the land the Homesteaders were settling as the source of their fortunes. When the Argentine industry finally secured a large slice of the British market, Pateros and trade restrictions limited its penetration of the Continent. "Struggles over an 'Old, Nasty, and Inconvenient Monopoly': Municipal Slaughterhouses and the Meat Industry in Rio de Janeiro, 1880–1920s. The signing of the Homestead Act sent waves of bold and ambitious pioneers and immigrants flooding out of the eastern cities westward in search of land and a new start. The union supported a progressive agenda, including the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. 1880-1900. The book was a Pulitzer Prize winner and covered the facts of the meatpacking industry of the time. Pigs down on the kill floor have come up to nuzzle me like a puppy. Using news reports, historical accounts, industry timelines, and other sources, Stacker chronicled the history of the American meat-processing industry, the largest segment of the United States agriculture sector by far. Cattle farmers and ranchers slaughtered their animals and brought the resulting meat to Brighton for sale. Mid-century restructuring by the industry of the stockyards, slaughterhouses and meat packing led to relocating facilities closer to cattle feedlots and swine production facilities, to more rural areas, as transportation shifted from rail to truck. It was a transition from a country able to provide a small ration of meat for urban citizens only to the world's largest meat-producer; it was a movement from a handful of processing facilities in major cities to thousands of modern meat packing and processing plants throughout the country, alongside the rapid growth of a middle-class with spending money. "Pork packing as a leading edge of Midwestern industry, 1835-1875. The Chicago-based Armour & Company was a meatpacking business founded by the Armour brothers in 1867. Before the Civil War, the meat industry was localized, with nearby farmers providing beef and hogs for local butchers to serve the local market. history photography ... why social reformer Upton Sinclair wrote his great 1906 novel The Jungle about workers' horrific experiences in the meat packing industry. Wages fell during the latter part of the 20th century, and eventually, both Chicago (in 1971) and Omaha (in 1999) closed their stockyards. 1850-1914." Work typically occurs in slaughtering, meat packing, or wholesale establishments. Quiz: Do you know these 50 famous companies by their logos? Injuries in the meatpacking business were five times the national average. Elisha Mills in 1818 started the first large-scale pork-packing plant in Cincinnati, where pigs were slaughtered and their meat was preserved in brine-filled barrels to meet the growing demand for salted pork. 1920–1938. Sinclair's horrific descriptions of the industry led to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act, not to labor legislation. [33] As authors from the PTSD Journal explain, "These employees are hired to kill animals, such as pigs and cows that are largely gentle creatures. The meat packing industry handles the slaughtering, processing, packaging, and distribution of meat from animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep and other livestock. Because of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, nearly everyone knows that meatpacking was a central part of Illinois' economy and history. The corporate titans whose fortunes their labor creates are now and have always been among the wealthiest and most politically influential powerbrokers in the country. In 1779, the Spanish—eager to drive their British rivals out of the New World—joined the American Revolution. Overland cattle drives moved large herds to the railheads in Kansas, where cattle cars brought live animals eastward. Another such act passed the same year was the Federal Meat Inspection Act. Boston, and later Philadelphia, had been the central hubs of the U.S.’ meatpacking industry in the country’s early years, but in the mid-1860s, the Midwest grew to become the core of the industry. Pittsburgh’s industrial history is among the nation’s best documented. Abilene, Kansas, became the chief railhead, shipping 35,000 cattle a year, mostly to Kansas City, Milwaukee and Chicago. The publication of the Upton Sinclair novel The Jungle in the U.S. in 1906, shocked the public with the poor working conditions and unsanitary practices in meat packing plants in the United States, specifically Chicago. Today many are Hispanic, from Mexico, Central and South America. The Commanding General of New Spain authorized the transfer of 2,000 head of cattle from Texas to the Louisiana territory—it was the first official Texas cattle drive in history. The meatpacking industry has received increased attention in recent months, as plants began to witness outbreaks of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) at very high rates, with some plants temporarily shutting down. Along the way, the meat-processing industry served as a driving force in the rise of the railroad industry, the labor movement, trucking, and transportation. "The spatial evolution of the mid-western pork industry, 1835-1875", Barnes, Felicity, and David M. Higgins. Two minutes later I had to kill them - beat them to death with a pipe. By the mid-1800s, small family farms could no longer meet the demand. Rudolf Alexander Clemen, The American Livestock and Meatpacking Industry (New York: Ronald Press, 1923). Food Markets and Transnational Politics, c. ", This page was last edited on 24 November 2020, at 21:45. MEATPACKING began as a local business in the colonial era, but by the dawn of the twenty-first century it had become a huge industry. Large Army contracts during the war attracted entrepreneurs with a vision for building much larger markets. The meatpacking industry is an important job source for thousands of people. J'Nell Pate, Livestock Legacy: The Fort Worth Stockyards, 1887–1987 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988). (Cornell University) #46. Public pressure to U.S. Congress led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act, both passed in 1906 on the same day to ensure better regulations of the meat packing industry. Railroads made possible the transport of stock to central points for processing, and the transport of products. The meat packing industry in the United States has seen a 60% increase in the amount of pork being handled since 1990. [12] The Guardian reports that on average there are two amputations a week involving slaughterhouse workers in the United States. Working conditions in the new urban industrial zones were wretched, and a progressive reform movement soon grew out of the need to address the health and welfare of the American worker. Because of its advantageous geography and proximity to transportation hubs—not to mention its vast supply of salt and cheap immigrant labor—Cincinnati became the pork-producing capital of the world, with dozens of pork companies emerging there. Today, the rate of injury in the meat packing industry is three times that of private industry overall, and meat packing was noted by Human Rights Watch as being "the most dangerous factory job in America". ", Nützenadel, Alexander. Source. In 1957 the stockyards and meat packing employed half the workers of Omaha. The birthplace of America’s steel industry and the place where coal and coke turned raw minerals into aluminum, glass, and other products, Pittsburgh also had thriving meatpacking, livestock, and leather plants that fed the steelworkers and produced the leather products required to run the massive mills. Explore more than 1,600 people, places and events in Wisconsin history. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Cincinnati and Buffalo, both with good water and rail service, also opened stockyards. Filed to: history. In 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed into law a Congressional act that created the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The first important meat-packing plants were located at Victoria, Rockport, and Fulton, where early experiments with shipping under refrigeration were conducted. Packing plants relied on … "China's meat industry revolution: Challenges and opportunities for the future. Before the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act, workers were exposed to dangerous chemicals, sharp machinery, and horrible injuries. ", Walsh, Margaret. Technological advancements, such as refrigerated rail cars and electricity make year-round business possible for the meat packing industry. Meatpacking brought in more than 23.5 million dollars to the city's economy that year, just 3.5 million dollars behind the iron industry. [13] On average, one employee of Tyson Foods, the largest meat producer in America, is injured and amputates a finger or limb per month. Many of Cincinnati's most prominent people enhanced their wealth through the meatpacking industry. UPWA workers made important gains in wages, hours and benefits. History of America's meat-processing industry. Carrying out this action requires workers to disconnect from what they are doing and from the creature standing before them. Argentina had the natural resources and human talent to build a world-class meat-packing industry. It was made for ice. See more images, essays, newspapers and records about the meat packing industry in Wisconsin. The meat packing industry grew with the construction of the railroads and methods of refrigeration for meat preservation. The realities of the industry have fueled major reforms, public outrage, and activist movements, but mostly the meat-processing industry has been hidden away from the sensitive eyes and minds of an American population that is almost totally disconnected from the origins of the food it consumes. You may look a hog in the eye that's walking around in the blood pit with you and think, 'God, that really isn't a bad looking animal.' When war broke out between the North and South in 1861, Texas ranchers left their farms to fight for the Confederacy. [11] NPR reports that pig and cattle slaughterhouse workers are nearly seven times more likely to suffer repetitive strain injuries than average. The more isolated areas in which the plants are located put workers at greater risk due to their limited ability to organize and to seek redress for work-related injuries.[6][7][8]. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] A 2016 study in Organization indicates, "Regression analyses of data from 10,605 Danish workers across 44 occupations suggest that slaughterhouse workers consistently experience lower physical and psychological well-being along with increased incidences of negative coping behavior". Arnould, Richard J. The work of slaughtering animals and turning their carcasses into food has long been and remains today largely the realm of underpaid immigrant laborers who work for long hours at some of the most physically and psychologically taxing work imaginable. Upton Sinclair published The Jungle in 1905 to expose labor abuses in the meat packing industry. The act of slaughtering animals, or of raising or transporting animals for slaughter, may engender psychological stress or trauma in the people involved. Upton Sinclair’s famous 1906 exposé, The Jungle , revealed the horrific conditions of Chicago’s meatpacking plants at the turn of the last century, laying blame on the consolidated power of … In the 1920s and early 1930s, workers achieved unionization under the CIO's United Packinghouse Workers of America (UPWA). ", Kujovich, M. Yeager. In the United States and some other countries, the facility where the meat packing is done is called a slaughterhouse, packinghouse or a meat packing plant; in New Zealand, where most of the products are exported, it is called a freezing works. It has been difficult for labor to organize in such locations. Explore the history of ground beef and discover how something as simple as a patty on a roll could turn a niche protein into an international phenomenon. The bridge between those living, feeling animals and the shrink-wrapped steaks and drive-thru cheeseburgers that Americans gobble up by the ton is the meat-processing industry. The history of the meat industry in Mississippi would not be complete without a section relating to meat inspection. Armour Meat Packing Plant History. The meatpacking industry continues to employ many immigrant laborers, including some who are undocumented workers. In 1865, the Chicago stockyards became the U.S.’ biggest livestock market, and Cincinnati Omaha, Nebraska, and Kansas City, Kansas emerged as major meatpacking hubs. However its success in reaching European markets was limited by the poor quality control in the production of their meat and the general inferiority of frozen meat to the chilled meat exported by the United States and Australia, By 1900, the Argentine government encouraged investment in the industry to improve quality. But it was food, not labor, that most concerned the public. ", Gordon, Steve C. "From Slaughterhouse to Soap-Boiler: Cincinnati's Meat Packing Industry, Changing Technologies, and the Rise of Mass Production, 1825-1870. The new laws helped the large packers, and hurt small operations that lacked economy of scale or quality controls.[4]. The 1865–1873 era provided five factors that nationalized the industry: Five meatpacking companies still operate in the district. The first meatpacking business began in 1692, when John Pynchon of Springfield, Massachusetts, began buying hogs and shipping the meat to Boston for the growing city population and the provisioning of ships. The animal industry produces 52 billion pounds of meat and 48 billion pounds of poultry every year. The worst thing, worse than the physical danger, is the emotional toll. Sinclairs experience in the factory will allow him to bust MeatPacking factories and … Poultry is generally not included. Though the meat packing industry has made many improvements since the early 1900s, extensive changes in the industry since the late 20th century have caused new labor issues to arise. Meat Packing Industry in Wisconsin. E. C. Barksdale, The Meat Packers Come to Texas (Austin: Bureau of Business Research, University of Texas, 1959). This emotional dissonance can lead to consequences such as domestic violence, social withdrawal, anxiety, drug and alcohol abuse, and PTSD". In the early 20th century the workers were immigrants from eastern and southern Europe, and black migrants from the South. The moment positioned Boston as the new center of colonial America’s meat trade. It was responsible for game-changing innovations such as mechanized refrigeration and the assembly line. Those who lived returned to a land overrun by cattle—left to their own devices, cattle herds multiplied exponentially and by the war’s end in 1865, roughly 5 million longhorn cattle were roaming wild in Texas. ", Hill, Howard Copeland. A Swift and Company meatpacking house in Chicago, circa 1906. In addition, the number of jobs fell sharply due to technology and other changes. Today a manmade lake in Saunders County is part of a recreation area, but the lake itself was not made for recreation. The British dominated the world shipping industry, and began fitting their ships for cold air containers, and built new refrigerated steamers. That comes from 2.2 million sheep and lambs, 32.2 million cattle and calves, 121 million hogs, 242 million turkeys, and an astonishing 9 billion chickens—again that’s the number of animals whose lives are sacrificed for human consumption every single year in the U.S. alone. The meat and poultry industry is the largest segment of U.S. agriculture. Cattle ranching on a large-scale moved to the Great Plains, from Texas northward. Before the Civil War, the meat industry was localized, with nearby farmers providing beef and hogs for local butchers to serve the local market. Photograph: Granger Historical Picture Archive/Alamy. Keep reading for 50 key moments in the history of America's meat-processing industry. 1885. The 1865–1873 era provided five factors that nationalized the industry: In Milwaukee, Philip Armour, an ambitious entrepreneur from New York who made his fortune in Army contracts during the war, partnered with Jacob Plankinton to build a highly efficient stockyard that serviced the upper Midwest. ", Labor rights in American meatpacking industry, "Following the call of New Zealand's abandoned freezing works", "A Muckraker's Aftermath: The Jungle of Meat-packing Regulation after a Century", "Meat Packing Industry Criticized on Human Rights Grounds", "Working 'The Chain,' Slaughterhouse Workers Face Lifelong Injuries", "Two amputations a week: the cost of working in a US meat plant", "America's Largest Meat Producer Averages One Amputation Per Month", "Revealed: Shocking safety record of UK meat plants", "Noise assessment in slaughterhouses by means of a smartphone app", "Mortality and cancer incidence in New Zealand meat workers", "Sheep farmer who felt so guilty about driving his lambs to slaughter rescues them and becomes a vegetarian", "Slaughtering for a living: A hermeneutic phenomenological perspective on the well-being of slaughterhouse employees", "Theses : Killing for a Living: Psychological and Physiological Effects of Alienation of Food Production on Slaughterhouse Workers", "There's a Christmas crisis going on: no one wants to kill your dinner - Chas Newkey-Burden", "Psychological Distress Among Slaughterhouse Workers Warrants Further Study - SPH - Boston University", "A Slaughterhouse Nightmare: Psychological Harm Suffered by Slaughterhouse Employees and the Possibility of Redress through Legal Reform", "Meet The Former Livestock Agent Who Started An International Vegan Food Business", "A Call to Action: Psychological Harm in Slaughterhouse Workers", "The harrowing psychological toll of slaughterhouse work", "Slaughterhouses and Increased Crime Rates: An Empirical Analysis of the Spillover From "The Jungle" Into the Surrounding Community", "The Psychological Damage of Slaughterhouse Work", "America's Worst Graveyard Shift Is Grinding Up Workers", "Exploitation and Abuse at the Chicken Plant", "Hogging the Gains from Trade: The Real Winners from U.S. Trade and Agricultural Policies", "Communications, innovation, and territory: the production network of Swift Meat Packing and the creation of a national US market", "Meat Packing Industry Has Responsibility to Reform", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meat_packing_industry&oldid=990508144, African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement, History of labor relations in the United States, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. An interracial committee led the organizing in Chicago, where the majority of workers in the industry were black, and other major cities, such as Omaha, Nebraska, where they were an important minority in the industry. [14] The Bureau of Investigative Journalism reported that over a period of six years, in the UK 78 slaughter workers lost fingers, parts of fingers or limbs, more than 800 workers had serious injuries, and at least 4,500 had to take more than three days off after accidents. In Cincinnati, behind only iron production of several competitors year, mostly to Kansas,. Resulting meat to market such Act passed the same year was the federal meat Inspection Act 1906., '', Barnes, Felicity, and Xinglian Xu 2 ], Slaughterhouses in the meatpacking industry is largest., middle-class lives from it from the South among the nation ’ best... Became the chief railhead, shipping 35,000 cattle a year, the American livestock and industry... 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